Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 32, August 2025. SignificanceThe problem of determining a genus, the cobordism invariants of classes of manifolds, is central in algebraic and differential topology, and mathematical physics. We elucidate three historically significant examples, by obtaining exact …
Observations from the Little Bunker
Last updated: August 18, 2025 04:13 PM
Atmospheric CO₂
425.4 ppm
+18.4
ppm/year
Atmospheric CH₄
1934.91 ppb
+9.11
ppb/year
Global Temperature
+1.48 °C
Peak: +1.73°C
World Population
8.1 billion
+67
million/year