Nature Climate Change, Published online: 22 December 2025; doi:10.1038/s41558-025-02514-8Both green industrial policy (ācarrotsā) and carbon pricing (āsticksā) are seen as important instruments for decarbonization, but the sequencing strategy matters. Researchers now demonstrate that carrots alone ā without sticks ā are unlikely to reach long-term net-zero targets in the USA.