The global quest for controlling climate change and ensuring environmental sustainability has necessitated the need for the adoption of environmentally friendly measures for greenhouse gas emission control. These novel solutions for combating the rapid increase in greenhouse gas emissions involves the amendment of soil with rock powder for enhancing rock weathering and carbon capture. Under the influence of plant roots rhizosphere effects (rhizosphere acidification and organic acid secretion) that control nutrients and ions flux, rock powder undergo weathering to release nutrients for plant uptake. These nutrients promote plants overall productivity, and photosynthetic potential for optimum uptake and conversion of CO2 into organic carbon. This process of enhancing plant health, productivity and carbon uptake in the presence of weathered rock mineral is term rock powder enhanced plant-mediated carbon sequestration. In fact, plant-mediated carbon sequestration centers on the biological and physiological processes of photosynthesis involving carbon uptake, conversion into organic carbon and storage in biomass and soil. Specifically, no existing enhanced rock weathering (ERW) review has systematically detailed and explained the mechanisms of plant-mediated carbon sequestration. Hence, in this review, we explored the multifaceted contributions of rock powder in promoting plant mediated carbon sequestration and soil inorganic carbon sequestration. We discuss the distinct mechanisms by which rock powder contributes to plant productivity and the accumulation of inorganic and organic carbon pools in the soil. Additionally, we discuss the factors affecting the efficiency of rock powder mediated carbon sequestration, showing the rationale behind the variations in the results obtained from different research projects. We argue that although rock powder amendment could contribute to promoting soil carbon sequestration, and although progress has been made to that effect, several limitations and challenges threaten its wide adoption and application. We equally discuss the possible future directions to address these challenges, as gaining insight into the various pathways that rock powder, through enhanced weathering, contributes to carbon capture and soil fertility enhancement is crucial for the attainment of food security and environmental sustainability.