IntroductionClimate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, posing significant challenges for health systems, particularly in socially and environmentally vulnerable urban settings. Despite growing evidence on the health impacts of climate variability in Argentina, little is known about how healthcare professionals perceive climate-related risks and how health services anticipate, respond to, and adapt to these events. This study explored these dimensions in the Matanza–Riachuelo River Basin, one of the country’s most vulnerable urban territories.MethodsA mixed-methods study was conducted integrating three complementary sources of information. Meteorological records (2015–2023) from the Argentine National Meteorological Service were analyzed to characterize extreme temperature and precipitation events. Documentary analysis of local media reports identified the principal climate-related events affecting the study area. In addition, 39 structured surveys were conducted with healthcare professionals, administrative staff, and technical personnel from a tertiary care hospital serving the basin. Open-ended responses were analyzed through thematic coding, and findings were triangulated across data sources.ResultsMeteorological records showed an increasing frequency of heatwaves after 2015, with the 2022–2023 warm season presenting the highest number of events. Extreme precipitation episodes were associated with severe flooding. Participants consistently perceived an increase in the frequency and impacts of extreme weather events. Heatwaves and flooding were identified as the principal climate-related hazards affecting healthcare delivery. Extreme events prompted institutional adaptations, including infrastructure improvements and the establishment of an Emergency and Disaster Committee. Survey respondents emphasized the importance of organizational learning, interdisciplinary collaboration, early warning systems, and community engagement to strengthen preparedness and response.ConclusionAdaptation to climate change within health services extends beyond emergency response and infrastructure improvements. It also depends on institutional learning, organizational flexibility, interdisciplinary collaboration, and the incorporation of healthcare professionals’ experiences into decision-making. Integrating meteorological information, documentary evidence, and healthcare staff perceptions provides a comprehensive understanding of climate-related challenges and may support the development of climate-resilient health systems.