Abstract Using satellite‐derived dust optical depth (DOD), reanalysis meteorology, and a global topsoil flash drought (TSFD) inventory for 2003–2022, we find that TSFD events are associated with increased dust loading at the global scale. During TSFD events, 44.7% of land pixels exhibited positive DOD anomalies. The net global DOD anomaly increased significantly over the study period; however, this trend cannot be attributed solely to TSFD‐related effects, as changes in background environmental conditions may also have contributed. Compound TSFD–strong dust (TSFD_SD) events occurred most frequently under sparse vegetation and moderately elevated wind conditions. SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) analysis showed that DOD variability during TSFD events was more strongly associated with soil moisture, background aridity, and vegetation state than with wind speed. These relationships are consistent with a mechanism in which rapid topsoil drying and vegetation stress increase surface erodibility and may enhance dust loading, although the observational analyses do not establish causality.