Climate change continues to intensify agricultural vulnerability in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), threatening food security, rural livelihoods, and sustainable agrifood systems through increasing droughts, floods, land degradation, and erratic rainfall patterns. Although Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) has emerged as a strategic approach for improving agricultural productivity, resilience, and environmental sustainability, its implementation across SSA remains uneven and constrained by weak governance systems, fragmented policies, inadequate institutional support, and limited stakeholder coordination. Existing studies have largely focused on technological and agronomic dimensions of CSA, with insufficient attention given to the governance and institutional factors influencing CSA transition. This study, therefore, conducted a scoping review to examine the policy and institutional drivers of CSA transition in SSA, with emphasis on governance systems, regulatory frameworks, and institutional support mechanisms. The study adopted the PRISMA-ScR scoping review framework and systematically reviewed 21 eligible studies obtained from major academic databases and institutional repositories published between 2010 and 2026. Thematic content analysis was employed to synthesize evidence on governance systems, institutional arrangements, policy coherence, climate finance, extension services, and stakeholder partnerships influencing CSA implementation. The findings revealed that effective CSA transition depends significantly on coherent policies, institutional coordination, extension systems, climate financing, land governance, and inclusive multi-stakeholder partnerships. However, institutional fragmentation, weak policy integration, inadequate financing, poor extension services, and insecure land tenure systems remain major barriers constraining CSA adoption in SSA. The study recommends strengthening policy coherence, institutional capacity, decentralized governance systems, climate financing mechanisms, and participatory governance approaches to enhance climate-resilient agricultural transformation across Sub-Saharan Africa.