Climate-resilient cropping systems require management practices that sustain soil biological functioning while supporting efficient carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycling. Soil extracellular enzymes are sensitive indicators of these processes, yet their responses to management remain poorly documented in vegetable production systems. This study evaluated six hydrolytic enzymes involved in C, N and P cycling together with fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis across 50 commercial vegetable farms in Quebec, Canada (29 organic and 21 conventional), sampled at 0–10, 10–20 and 30–50 cm. Enzymatic stoichiometric ratios and an exploratory Soil Health Practice Index (SHPI) were also used to assess relationships between management practices and soil biological functioning. Three response patterns emerged. First, β-glucosidase (BG), cellobiosidase (CB) and xylosidase (XYL) showed limited sensitivity to management. Second, α-Glucosidase (AG) activity was higher in conventionally managed soils, with organic-to-conventional response ratios ranging from 0.51 to 0.67 across the soil profile. Third, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity was 65% and 64% higher under organic than conventional management at 0–10 and 10–20 cm, respectively, whereas phosphatase (PHOS) activity was 57–69% higher across all three soil depths. FDA hydrolysis was 2.70- and 3.14-fold higher under organic than conventional management at 0–10 and 10–20 cm, respectively, with no significant difference at 30–50 cm. BG:NAG and BG:PHOS ratios were lower under organic management, indicating contrasting relative enzymatic investment in nutrient acquisition. Across farms, higher SHPI scores were positively associated with NAG (r = 0.26 and 0.24 at 0–10 and 10–20 cm), PHOS (r = 0.20 and 0.23) and FDA (r = 0.32 at both depths), and negatively associated with AG (r = −0.25 and −0.24), indicating that enzymatic responses also tracked a gradient of conservation-oriented practices. Among the indicators measured, AG, NAG, PHOS, FDA, BG:NAG and BG:PHOS were the most management-responsive. Overall, these results identify enzymatic indicators associated with management-related differences in soil biological functioning and highlight their potential for monitoring progress toward more climate-resilient vegetable production systems.