Research Papers
Peer-reviewed research papers and academic studies on climate change
A global overview of the impacts of phytoplankton blooms on lake and reservoir ecosystem services
Phytoplankton blooms are an increasing concern for lake and reservoir management due to their rising frequency, intensity, and negative impacts on water quality and ecosystem functioning. Influenced by global change...
Warm winters, hot moose: temperature drives activity and habitat trade-offs across a cold-adapted speciesâ range
Moose (Alces alces) are a cold-adapted species that may be vulnerable to overheating at relatively low temperatures in winter. Moose have two main strategies for thermal regulation: shifting activity patterns...
Quantifying responsibility for cross-state air pollution: an airshed approach
Air pollution is the leading risk factor for premature human mortality and poses major challenges for air-quality management because emissions, transport, and health impacts often do not align with political...
Global soil organic carbon sequestration potential under sustainable food systems and climate mitigation
Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is a key nature-based solution to mitigate climate change. Previous studies have highlighted its potential and the role of improve management practice, but many relied...
Denitrification in biogeochemical modelsâchallenges and advances in simulating N2 and N2O emission in agricultural systems
Denitrification represents a major nitrogen (N) loss pathway in agriculture, reducing plant N uptake, lowering crop N use efficiency, while emitting the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). However, due...
Whose weather is it? A fairness framework for data-driven weather forecasting
As data-driven weather forecasting models increasingly come in operational use, questions of fairness and equitable access to forecast improvements are gaining urgency. This paper introduces a conceptual framework for evaluating...
Global patterns of reservoir fullness and fluctuations during droughts
Reservoirs are designed to mitigate water and energy crises during droughts, yet their conditionsâsuch as fullness and fluctuations during droughts remain underexplored. In particular, our understanding of how these conditions...
Mapping socio-ecological vulnerability of tropical peatland fires
Peatlands in Southeast Asia regularly experience fire due to clearance of forests and drainage for agriculture and plantation development. Fire represents a mainstay for rural communities managing tropical landscapes, but...
Basal ice but not summer temperature affects land surface greenness in parts of the landscape in high Arctic tundra
Climate warming in the Arctic is very strong compared to other regions on Earth. Arctic winter climate and cryosphere conditions are changing towards more frequent mild spells. Precipitation is often...
The canary and the crucible: Fijiâs climate stewardship and a blueprint for planetary resilience
At the razorâs edge of the Anthropocene, Fiji offers the world not a plea for help, but a masterclass in survival: turning existential threat into a radical blueprint for planetary...
Assessing climate change impact on storm surge and funding strategies in east peninsular Malaysia
Climate change is intensifying storm surge risks in Southeast Asia, particularly along Malaysiaâs east coast facing the South China Sea. This study uses the d4PDF climate dataset to simulate maximum...
A study protocol to co-develop and evaluate interventions that strengthen healthcare resilience to extreme weather events in three African countries: the ASTRA study
Extreme weather events (EWEs) are becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change, disrupting healthcare systems and increasing risks for vulnerable populations. In low- and middle-income countries, these disruptions...
Meteorological Control on Ozone Response to NOx Emission Reduction Events: Evidence From the Spring Festival Periods
Abstract Chinaâs Spring Festival, with consistent âź30% NOx (NO + NO2) reductions annually, provides a natural experiment to investigate oxidant response to emission reductions. Unlike isolated events such as the...
Cumulative Effect of SynopticâScale Storms on Decadal MixedâLayer Temperature Variability in the MidâLatitude North Pacific
Abstract Decadal variability of mixedâlayer temperature (Tm) in the midâlatitude North Pacific plays a key role in airâsea interactions and regional climate. While previous studies have emphasized the role of...
Mysterious illnesses have supernatural and ritualistic cures: Evidence from 3,655 century-old Irish folk cures
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 49, December 2025. SignificanceClassical anthropological and cognitive theories propose that supernatural healing practices emerge when ordinary causal reasoning fails, yet...
Lineage tracing of both quiescent G0 and active Hoxb5+ LT-HSCs that actively contribute to homeostatic mouse hematopoiesis
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 49, December 2025. SignificanceProspectively isolated HSCs regenerate long-term hematopoiesis via transplantation in irradiated hosts. Hoxb5 is expressed only in LT-HSCs....
Barrierless nucleation in glassy precursors drives zeolite formation
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 49, December 2025. SignificanceThe slow and complex formation of zeolites, microporous materials central to catalysis and separations, has puzzled researchers...
Volcanic forcing of the LomagundiâJatuli carbon isotope excursion
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 49, December 2025. SignificanceThe LomagundiâJatuli Event (LJE), more than 2 billion years ago, marks a major shift in Earthâs carbon...
An Archean atmosphere rich in sulfur biomolecules
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 49, December 2025. SignificanceSulfur biomolecules, such as the amino acids cysteine and methionine, are ubiquitous in all modern organisms. However,...
Dynamic control of phase for tunable structural colors
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 49, December 2025. SignificanceColor is central to consumer products, textiles, displays, and sensors, yet todayâs colors often rely on chemical...
Cell envelope maintenance by PhoP is essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis methylglyoxal resistance
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 49, December 2025. SignificanceMacrophage-produced methylglyoxal can restrict the growth of bacteria likeListeria monocytogenesbut notMycobacterium tuberculosis, suggestingM. tuberculosishas mechanisms to resist...
Prebiotic organic compounds in samples of asteroid Bennu indicate heterogeneous aqueous alteration
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 49, December 2025. SignificanceSamples of asteroid Bennu obtained by NASAâs OSIRIS-REx mission preserve a record of the chemical evolution of...
Integrating extensive functional annotations and multiomics of cattle enhances climate resilience prediction and mapping
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 49, December 2025. SignificanceOngoing work in functional annotations of genomes has generated rich datasets. We propose a method to link...
Distinguishing subtypes of endothelial cells in the mouse aorta
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 49, December 2025. SignificanceThis study refines our understanding of the cells lining the mouse aorta, a blood vessel commonly used...
Digital twins come to the life sciences
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 49, December 2025.
Unlocking resilience: exploring climate dynamics in small-scale irrigation systems of Sissala West District of north-western Ghana
This study explores climate dynamics and resilience of small-scale irrigation facilities in the Sissala West District of north-western Ghana. A multiple cross-sectional case study design was used. We randomly and...
Robust circulation changes in the tropics under a warming climate: a topical review
Tropical monsoons are crucial atmospheric phenomena that impact more than two-thirds of the global population. Numerous previous studies have investigated changes in tropical circulation under climate change for individual ocean...
Responsible research and innovation of carbon removal: strategies for field trials
Demonstrating methods for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is now a focus of research and development programmes designed to support decision making about future technology deployment. In this perspective...
Stochastically evolving graphs via edit semigroups
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 49, December 2025. SignificanceMany real-world networks change dynamically but can be notoriously difficult to study. We introduce a graph edit...
Global stability of epidemic models with uniform susceptibility
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 49, December 2025. SignificanceMathematical models are widely used to study the spread of infectious diseases. A central question is whether...
Rice farming for climate change adaptation in the Northeastern United States
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 49, December 2025. In response to challenges posed by climate change, rice farming emerges as a strategic adaptation in the...
In This Issue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume 122, Issue 49, December 2025.
Different places, different challenges: mapping global variations in agrifood-system burdens
The global agrifood system is central to many challenges humanity faces today. Despite significant growth in total production, it fails to ensure food security for all, drives biodiversity decline, and...
Persistent Deep LongâPeriod Seismicity Near the Lassen Volcanic Center
Abstract Deep longâperiod (DLP) earthquakes have been observed at many volcanic settings around the world and linked to the magmatic processes that drive volcanic unrest. At the Lassen Volcanic Center...
LongâWavelength Ionospheric Compensation of InSAR TimeâSeries Based on Global Ionosphere Maps
Abstract Uncorrected longâwavelength contributions remain a major limitation for interpreting InSAR timeâseries over large areas (>100 km). Among them, the ionosphere can impact InSAR measurements across various timescales, potentially biasing...
LongâWavelength Ionospheric Compensation of InSAR TimeâSeries Based on Global Ionosphere Maps
Abstract Uncorrected longâwavelength contributions remain a major limitation for interpreting InSAR timeâseries over large areas (>100 km). Among them, the ionosphere can impact InSAR measurements across various timescales, potentially biasing...
Bridging the Gap Between the Earth's Ionosphere and Plasmasphere
Abstract Cold plasma distribution in the ionosphereâplasmasphere system governs waveâparticle interactions, plasma energization and loss, and radio wave propagation. A longstanding observational gap at altitudes âź ${\sim} $800â8,000 km has...
Bridging the Gap Between the Earth's Ionosphere and Plasmasphere
Abstract Cold plasma distribution in the ionosphereâplasmasphere system governs waveâparticle interactions, plasma energization and loss, and radio wave propagation. A longstanding observational gap at altitudes âź ${\sim} $800â8,000 km has...
A >70âMyrâLong Geomagnetic Field Reversal Hyperactivity Across the EdiacaranâCambrian Transition
Abstract The longâterm variation of the geomagnetic field is a key constraint for unraveling the geodynamo processes and the evolution of Earthâs deep interior. However, the geomagnetic reversal pattern during...
A >70âMyrâLong Geomagnetic Field Reversal Hyperactivity Across the EdiacaranâCambrian Transition
Abstract The longâterm variation of the geomagnetic field is a key constraint for unraveling the geodynamo processes and the evolution of Earthâs deep interior. However, the geomagnetic reversal pattern during...
Sensitivity of Water Clarity to Drawdown in Reservoirs Across the Climatic 100th Meridian
Abstract Reservoirs provide key water storage in regions facing projected water scarcity and population growth. Many reservoirs experience water level fluctuations including periods of drawdown tied to drought. To examine...
Sensitivity of Water Clarity to Drawdown in Reservoirs Across the Climatic 100th Meridian
Abstract Reservoirs provide key water storage in regions facing projected water scarcity and population growth. Many reservoirs experience water level fluctuations including periods of drawdown tied to drought. To examine...
Petrogenesis of VeryâLowâTi Basalts Returned by Chang'eâ6 From the Lunar Farside
Abstract Lunar volcanism provides critical insights into the Moonâs thermochemical evolution. We present petrological and geochemical analyses of six veryâlowâTi (VLT) basalt fragments from Changâeâ6 (CE6) samples. These basalts yield...
Adaptive Sampling of the Upper Ocean by Autonomous Floats During Atmospheric River Precipitation
Abstract Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are elongated structures in the atmosphere that transport water vapor from the tropics to midâ and highâlatitudes in highly episodic events. ARs are a major source...
First Observation of Localized F Region BottomâType Scattering Layer by AllâSky Radar at Low Latitude
Abstract Fâregion bottomâtype scattering layers (BSLs) occurring over equatorial and low latitudes may act as the precursor of plasma bubbles, usually observed by narrowâbeam very high frequency radars. However, their...
Integrating value systems and place-based characteristics in climate risk assessments
This article examines how value systems and place-based characteristics shape the ways in which local communities define, represent and prioritise climate risks in urban and rural settings. Drawing on 10...
Hydroclimatic extremes and food security hotspots in West Africa: evidence from rainfallâyield interactions
IntroductionRainfall regimes across West Africa have undergone substantial transformations over the past four decades, with profound implications for rainfed agriculture and food security. However, limited understanding persists on how rainfall...
Africaâs climate leadership and health resilience: insights from the 2nd Africa Climate Summit, Addis Ababa, 2025
IntroductionThe 2nd Africa Climate Summit (ACS2), held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in September 2025, marked a significant shift in Africaâs climate leadership, positioning the continent not only as a victim...